Ricardo Pereira
 
Performing in a band is totally different from performing solo. Different in the way that the performer doesn’t have the support of the band and there is much more exposure.  Therefore, the audience will have their eyes on the performer for the whole time, which means that there will be more pressure and less room for mistakes.

When performing solo, artists usually need some kind of accompaniment unless they are able to accompany themselves.  Very often soloists use backing tracks or ask one instrumentalist to accompany them with an acoustic instrument. When using a backing track, the artist is guaranteed that there won’t be any mistakes to put him off, as he will have practiced with it. As the backing track has a set tempo there isn’t as much freedom. That is why it is important for the artist to select carefully his accompaniment. Having someone playing an instrument gives the accompanist the opportunity to follow the performer adding some feel to the whole performance.

Before going on stage, it is important to warm up, especially for singers. It is also important to check the levels of the instruments/backing track. Another thing that the artist should be aware of is the audience and how the stage looks. As a soloist you want to grab the attention of everyone for the good reasons.

During the performance it is important not to let some small mistakes affect the whole performance. Unless you are a singer/songwriter and you are accompanying yourself, it is very likely that you will only be performing alone in auditions or assessments. Although it is very difficult to put everything into a performance like that, the artist should face it as a big performance. If you do so, it is more likely for you to get the job you were going for.

After a performance the artist should think about what he could have done to make it better. I believe that it is very hard to reach perfection and that there is always room for improvement. 


 
All microphones convert sound energy into electrical energy, however there are different ways of doing it, such as piezo-electric effects, electromagnetism or electrostatics. In music recording or live performance, the majority of mics are either capacitor/condenser (electrostatic) or dynamic (electromagnetic) models. In both models, there is a sensitive diaphragm that is moved by the energy in a sound wave. However, the principle behind each model is different.

In the dynamic microphones, there is a diaphragm that is attached to a very small coil of wire suspended in the field of a permanent magnet. A sound then causes the diaphragm to vibrate, which makes the magnet move, inducting an electrical signal. The whole assembly works as a very small generator that produces a very small electrical signal. As the output is too small, it has then to be amplified using a mic preamp.

Dynamic microphones are the most used in live performance, and in the studio these mics are also usually used to record instruments such as drums, electric guitar and bass. These mics have the advantage of being relatively inexpensive, robust and they don’t need a power supply to make them operate.  One disadvantage of these mics is its poor high frequency response.

A condenser microphone works slightly differently from a dynamic.  There is a pair of plates, one fixed and the other in the form of a moving diaphragm. When the diaphragm vibrates the space between the plates changes and the capacitance varies. When a fixed electrical charge is applied to the capacitor and the capacitance changes, an electrical sign is produced. That is why all condenser microphones need a 48V phantom power source in order to operate. This operating system makes capacitor microphones much more sensitive, efficient and capable of capturing high frequency detail much more accurately.

Capacitor microphones are usually more expensive than dynamic microphones and are usually used for acoustic instruments, vocals and cymbals. They are also used to record electric guitars combined with dynamic microphones, or to record the ambience in a room.

Microphones have different polarities such as cardioid (only pick the sound from one side), omni (picks the sound from all around the microphone) and figure of 8 (picks the sound from two opposite sides of the microphone). To know more about types of microphones please read the article Choosing a Microphone: Types & Uses, published on Sound on Sound's website, by Paul White.
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/jun95/microphones.html

 
In our life, we constantly have to deal with problems and come up with solutions. Sometimes, without even realising we improvise. Being able to improvise is very important for musicians because that is how we create music.

As a musician/singer-songwriter, I start creating my songs improvising. I usually start playing some different chords on the guitar until a chord sequence catches my attention. Then, I start improvising on top of those chords. I sing some notes until I get my melody. After that I start writing my lyrics. In this process I never really use any theory or scales as I usually use chords that I make up and different tunings, which makes it harder to understand.

Before changing my instrument for singing last year, I was a guitarist. I know how to play the following chords on the guitar: major, minor, major 7, minor 7, dominant 7, sus2, sus4, power. I also know how to play other chords but I never really stopped to think and identify them. In terms of scales I know how to play the pentatonic scale, blues scale, major scale and minor scale. I knew how to play them in some different positions but as I haven’t practiced them and I have forgotten some of them.

In terms of theory, I know the following chords: major, minor, diminished, augmented, major 7, dominant 7, minor 7, minor7b5, diminished 7, sus2, sus4, power chords. The scales we have learnt last year were: major scale, natural minor scale, melodic and harmonic minor scale, pentatonic scales, blues scale, dorian and mixolydian modes. Last year we had to sing the scales but I have never used them in my singing.

I want to improve my improvising skills both in my singing and on the guitar. I think it is important for me to be able to do it in both instruments. Sometimes, when I am creating a guitar solo for a song, I “sing it in my head” and then I try to play it. I would like to be able to use what I learn in this class to create better melodies and harmonies and create better music.